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- <text id=93CT1585>
- <link 90TT2627>
- <title>
- Algeria--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Northern Africa
- Algeria
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Since the 5th century B.C., the indigenous tribes of
- northern Africa (identified by the Romans as "Berbers") have
- been pushed back from the coast by successive waves of
- Phoenician, Roman, Vandal, Byzantine, Arab, Turkish, and,
- finally, French invaders. The greatest cultural impact came from
- the Arab invasions of the 8th and 11th centuries A.D., which
- brought Islam and the Arabic language. The effects of the most
- recent (French) occupation--French language and
- European-inspired socialism--are still pervasive.
- </p>
- <p> North African boundaries have shifted during various stages
- of the conquests. The borders of modern Algeria were created by
- the French, whose colonization began in 1830. To benefit French
- colonists, most of whom were farmers and businessmen, northern
- Algeria was eventually organized into overseas departments of
- France, with representatives in the French National Assembly.
- France controlled the entire country, but the traditional Muslim
- population in the rural areas remained separated from the modern
- economic infrastructure of the European community.
- </p>
- <p> Indigenous Algerians began their revolt on November 1, 1954,
- to gain rights denied them under French rule. The revolution,
- launched by a small group of nationalists who called themselves
- the National Liberation Front (FLN), was a guerrilla war in
- which both side used terrorist tactics. Eventually, protracted
- negotiations led to a cease-fire signed by France and the FLN
- on March 18, 1962, at Evian, France. The Evian accords also
- provided for continuing economic, financial, technical, and
- cultural relations along with interim administrative
- arrangements until a referendum on self-determination could be
- held.
- </p>
- <p> The referendum was held in Algeria on July 1, 1962, and
- France declared Algeria independent on July 3. On September 8,
- 1963, a constitution was adopted by referendum, and later that
- month, Ahmed Ben Bella was formally elected president. On June
- 19, 1965, President Ben Bella was replaced in a bloodless coup
- by a Council of the Revolution headed by Minister of Defense
- Col. Houari Boumediene.
- </p>
- <p> The National Assembly was dissolved and the constitution
- suspended after the overthrow of the Ben Bella government; 11
- years of rule by decree followed. A new constitution was
- approved by popular referendum on November 19, 1976, and Houari
- Boumediene was elected president of the republic on December 10,
- 1976. He died 2 years later.
- </p>
- <p> Following nomination by an FLN Party Congress, Col. Chadli
- Bendjedid was elected president on February 7, 1979; he was
- elected to a second 5-year term in January 1984.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Since 1965, Algeria has enjoyed relative political
- stability, including a peaceful and constitutional transition
- to President Bendjedid's leadership. The FLN seeks to mobilize
- popular participation in politics through its own countrywide
- structures and those of its mass organizations for peasants,
- youth, veterans, and women. In keeping with the National Charter
- and the constitution, the Algerian Government espouses
- revolutionary socialism and applies this philosophy to its
- domestic and foreign policies. Its principal domestic objectives
- are to achieve economic development through industrialization
- and increased agricultural productivity and to raise the
- standard of living under a socialist system.
- </p>
- <p> President Bendjedid seeks to revitalize FLN party and
- government structures as well as the economy. The government's
- 1987 economic slogan, "autonomy for enterprises," reflects its
- current effort to grant greater financial and managerial
- autonomy to state-owned enterprises, which account for 80% of
- the country's GDP.
- </p>
- <p> Population growth and associated problems--unemployment
- and underemployment, inability of social services to keep pace
- with rapid urban migration, inadequate industrial management and
- productivity, insufficient agricultural production, and
- inefficient distribution of consumer goods--are being
- addressed by the government.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- November 1988.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-